The article provides an overview of modern assessment scales, questionnaires and questionnaires that are necessary in the clinical practice of an internist to measure diseases and in the preventive work of a family doctor to identify social risk groups, assess people's health status and the effectiveness of treatment. Evaluation tools are designed to interview patients at face-to-face consultations and are especially useful in the daily activities of a primary healthcare worker, as they form knowledge about the health status of the family, the problems of the wards, their socially significant diseases, allow interpreting the quality and lifestyle of family members, documenting the severity conditions, the severity of symptoms of diseases and the level of their control, to predict short-term and long-term outcomes of nosologies. The use of reliable questionnaires and scales enables the doctor to individually approach the choice of treatment, recommendations and rehabilitation strategies, achieve optimal results, as well as adequately select patients and determine risk groups in clinical trials. Diagnosis of latent forms of diseases using questionnaires is especially relevant in the era of personalized medicine, deepens the specialist’s own understanding of the patient, improves understanding of disease phenotypes, corrects targeted therapeutic approaches, replenishes electronic register databases, and improves screening accuracy.

At present, the presence of endocrine disruptor chemicals in the environment are important factors that are affecting the functioning of environmental systems and the health of individuals. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are present in a wide variety of consumer products and interfere with the functioning of hormones and causing growth and development-related problems in exposed individuals. Laccase is a copper-containing enzyme that has shown its potential to degrade Endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The microbial production of laccase requires a rich source of lignin along with cellulose, hemicelluloses, and other proteins. Thus, lignocelluloses rich wastes may be considered as good substrates for the production of laccase using microorganisms. In this article, we have discusses the fate of endocrine disruptors, and role of laccase in the biodegradation of endocrine disruptors.

Children of the Karaganda region have a high prevalence of odontogenic inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region. For this purpose, epidemiological material was collected and analyzed from 426 children aged 1 to 17 years inclusive; distribution of medical records of an inpatient was carried out depending on the nosological form of the inflammatory process and covered the period from 2018 to 2022. in the SOE «Multiprofile hospital named after Kh. M. Makazhanov» (Karaganda city), nosological forms: acute purulent periostitis; acute odontogenic osteomyelitis, abscess and phlegmon. In the comparative structure of odontogenic inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region, acute odontogenic osteomyelitis of the jaw predominates – 41.8 %, the second place is occupied by odontogenic phlegmon – 36.6 %, followed by acute purulent periostitis – 15 %, odontogenic abscess – 6.6 %.

Studies on the level, structure and prevalence of odontogenic inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region in children, depending on the place of residence, revealed that in children of urban areas the highest incidence rate was found for acute odontogenic osteomyelitis. Whereas in rural children odontogenic phlegmon and odontogenic abscess occurred on average 2.2 times more often than in urban children, which indicates the severity of the development of odontogenic inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region in them.

Thus, in our studies, a relationship was found in the prevalence of odontogenic inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region between the age characteristics of children and their place of residence.

The aim of our research was to study the effectiveness of rigid fixation in mandibular fractures. For this purpose, a study of 200 inpatients of the maxillofacial department was conducted. The study included 64 patients with jaw fractures who passed the criteria for inclusion in the study and the formation of the main group and the comparison group. The research methods were: assessment of the hygienic state of the oral cavity, clinical and radiological examination, electromyographic examination. The results of the study were evaluated at 3, 14, 22 days and after 3 months. After 3 months from the moment of hospitalization in all patients of the main group, a newly formed callus, complete bone radiological consolidation of fragments is clearly visible. In patients of the comparison group, a newly formed callus was clearly visible in the fracture gap. In 7 patients, complete bone radiological consolidation of fragments occurred. According to the results of electromyography, we found that in patients of the main group, whose treatment consisted in the imposition of rigid fixation of dental splints, a more complete recovery of the bioelectric activity of the masticatory muscles proper – 3 months after the injury, the comparison group – 380±10 μV, the main group – 510±10 µV. Conclusions: The use of rigid fixation in the treatment of mandibular fractures significantly reduces the duration of treatment in patients by 8 days of treatment compared with the traditional method.

Aim of the study. The main idea of the study is to study changes in the functional activity of the rectum closure system in patients with intestinal stomas.

Materials and methods. A single-center retrospective and prospective analysis of the results of changes in the function of the rectum closure system in 83 patients before reconstructive operation was performed. For the period from 2016-2018, 42 (50.6 %) men and 41 (49.4 %) women were examined, the average age in the group was 51.8 ± 12.6 years. A statistical analysis of the influence of various factors on the functional state of the obturator apparatus of the rectum was performed.

Results and discussion. In all the examined patients, before the intervention, a decrease was found in the indicators characterizing the functional state of the anal closure system: average (ARP) rest anal pressure and maximum squeezing anal pressure (MSP). A statistically significant direct relationship was found between high degree of tightness between the degree of impaired function of the rectum closure system and the age of the patient (Rxy = 0.76, p = 0.005), and the duration of wearing the stoma (Rxy = 0.82, p = 0,0072). The mathematical model of the dependence of the degree of insufficiency of the anal sphincter on the age of patients and the duration of stoma wearing is characterized by a correlation coefficient Rxy = 0.72, a significance coefficient p <0.001.

Conclusions. The results of analysis make it possible to assess the condition of the rectal closure system before reconstructive intervention and identify factors affecting it.

Introduction. Chronic liver diseases stimulate a degree of hepatocyte injury. This previously mentioned modifications, alters the known liver architecture and finally ends in cirrhosis. Liver pathology as cirrhosis develops after a long period of pathological alterations. In this iddea, inflammation is a great point that results in replacement of the healthy liver parenchyma with fibrotic tissue and regenerative nodules. In addition, progressive portal hypertension, systemic inflammation, and liver failure drive cirrhosis outcomes. The management of this liver pathology, is centred on the treatment of the causes and complications. Liver transplantation can be required in some cases.

The aim of this article was to identify the best available evidences analyzing liver samples, normall and pathological.

Material and methods. Were made permanent preparations and used two colors. Hematoxylin–Eosin and also Goldner – Szekely trichrome stains stain for observation at optical microscope with x10 and x40 lens magnification. Samples liver collected during necropsy, from healthy patients and from patients diagnosed with cirrhosis.

Results and discussion. Normal liver with hepatocytes, Kiernann space, connective septa, observations using lens x10 and samples colored with Goldner Szekely trichrome stains. Beside, for comparisions, ill liver images, classic stain H&E. Inflammation is a great point that results in replacement of the healthy liver parenchyma with fibrotic tissue and regenerative nodules. In addition, progressive portal hypertension, systemic inflammation, and liver failure drive cirrhosis outcomes.

Conclusions. Our contribution in the written text, is related to the impact of physical, psychological and physiological factors. All this previously mentioned factors, area great impact on the health-related quality of life of adult patients with liver cirrhosis. The management of this liver pathology, is centred on the treatment of the causes and complications. Liver transplantation can be required in some cases.

This work is devoted to studying the role of the nurse in the postoperative period in accompanying patients who were kidney recipients. Over the past decade, more than 200 successful donor kidney transplant operations have been performed in the Republic of Kazakhstan, articles describing operation statistics, medical tactics and clinical cases have been published, but there are no studies on the importance of postoperative care and the role of nurses in this process. Nursing care used after kidney transplantation should not be limited; nursing staff, in the modern development of nursing services, independently conducts nursing diagnostics, provides nursing support and is an important component of the team on which the successful outcome of the operation depends.

The article considered the approach to training pharmaceutical production technologists through scientific research. Successful learning through scientific research requires not only theoretical knowledge, but also practical experience. Involving students in research and projects allows them not only to gain valuable experience, but also to learn how to work in a team, develop critical thinking and solve problems. In addition, active participation in research projects can lead to publications that can be an excellent start for a future career in science. Learning through scientific research allows students to better understand theoretical concepts, as well as to gain practical skills that can be applied in future professional growth. The article considers some features and tools for the early involvement of students in scientific research through the training of project activities, including the choice of topic, task setting, research methods and analysis of results. Specific steps were also proposed to introduce this approach into the educational process, including the organization of students' research work. The importance of involving undergraduate students in publication activity was considered. It should be noted that the approach of learning through scientific research is one of the most effective methods of training specialists, which allows them not only to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills, but also to gain valuable scientific experience that can be used in their future careers.

The problem of insufficient level of practical training of graduates in the educational program «pharmacy» can be solved by introducing and improving the practice of dual training, which has proven itself very well in many foreign countries and in our country at the level of vocational and technical training. However, for the implementation at the level of higher education, there are still insufficiently developed educational programs of dual education, which requires certain efforts from both universities and potential employers.

Today, measles continues to be one of the causes of death among infants and the development of severe complications, despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine.

In the recent years, the epidemic patterns of measles have also changed: there is no periodicity, there is no influence of the seasonal factor, the age structure has changed, and the influence of social status is affecting.

The purpose of our developments was to analyze the course of measles at the present stage, during the period of rising incidence in infants hospitalized in the Infectious Diseases Center of the Regional Clinical Hospital.

The article presents clinical cases of measles in infants of a non-smooth course, with a layer of bacterial flora and the development of destructive pneumonia. Identification of the cause of the disease, lack of vaccination.